One of the most commonly used methods of disinfecting water is the addition of chlorine.

Chlorine compounds react with pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses and parasites, damaging their cellular structures and deactivating them. This process kills or neutralizes most pathogens, thereby reducing the risk of infectious diseases.

In addition to chlorine, other methods of disinfection include the use of ozone, UV -ultraviolet light and other chemical compounds. Each method has its advantages and limitations, depending on the type of pathogen, the presence of organic substances and the specific requirements of the water being treated.

The need to disinfect water not only ensures the safety of drinking water but also supports health and reduces the incidence of infectious diseases.

Regular control, monitoring and proper dose of disinfectants are essential to ensure an effective disinfection process and provide water that is safe, purified and ready for consumption and use.

In the process of reverse osmosis, water is applied under pressure to a membrane that has microscopic pores.

These pores are small enough to leak only water molecules, while larger particles, salts, chemicals and microorganisms remain trapped and filtered. As a result, clean water passes through the membrane, while impurities remain on the other side.

Reverse osmosis has many applications, including:

Purification of drinking water: The process is often used in the treatment of drinking water to remove salts, bacteria, viruses, heavy metals and other impurities.

Production of distilled water: Reverse osmosis is often used in laboratory and industrial settings to produce high-quality distilled water without minerals and impurities.

Desalination of seawater: This technique allows you to remove salt from seawater, which is especially useful in regions with a lack of drinking water.

Ultrapure water production: Industries like electronics and pharmacy use reverse osmosis to get the ultrapure water needed for their manufacturing processes.

Wastewater treatment: The process is used to remove impurities and contaminants from wastewater before their discharge into the environment.

Reverse osmosis provides a high level of purification and allows you to obtain clean and safe water for various purposes. However, it is important to note that this process requires energy to create the necessary pressure and can result in the loss of certain minerals from water, which can affect its taste and usefulness for human consumption.

Reverse osmosis has a number of advantages when used in industrial settings for water purification.

Here are some of the key benefits that reverse osmosis provides:

High degree of purification: Reverse osmosis is extremely effective in removing particles, salts, minerals, heavy metals, organic compounds and other contaminants from water. This makes it possible to obtain high-quality water necessary for specific industrial processes.

Quality control: Through reverse osmosis, industries can precisely control and adjust the water quality used in their processes. This is especially important in industries such as pharmacy, electronics and the food industry, where ultrapure water is required.

Waste reduction: The reverse osmosis process generates highly concentrated solutions of waste products, which facilitates their further disposal or recycling. This approach helps reduce the amount of waste and negative impact on the environment.

Economic efficiency: Although the initial cost of installing a reverse osmosis system may be higher, in the long run, this investment can result in savings. Purified water can reduce the need to buy expensive water or chemicals for industrial processes.

Sustainability and resource conservation: Reverse osmosis helps conserve water resources by allowing water to be recycled and reused within industrial plants. This is especially important in regions with limited access to clean water.

Adaptability and modularity: Reverse osmosis systems can be adapted to different industrial needs and plant sizes. This adaptability allows the industry to choose the appropriate capacity and specifications for its water purification.

Mineral equilibrium: Although reverse osmosis can remove certain minerals from water, modern systems often include additional steps to maintain the mineral balance in purified water, thus ensuring that it remains useful and safe to consume.

All of these advantages make reverse osmosis an attractive option for industrial use, providing high quality purified water that supports efficient and sustainable industrial processes.

Here are some examples of the use of nanofiltration:

Food industry: Nanofiltration is used to concentrate, purify and remove unwanted substances from food liquids, such as fruit juices, dairy products and enzymes. This technology allows the production of high-quality and clean food products.

Pharmaceutical industry: In the manufacture of drugs and medical devices, nanofiltration is used to remove impurities, salts and pathogenic substances from process solutions. This technique helps in the production of clean and safe pharmaceutical products.

Semiconductor industry: Nanofiltration is used to purify water used in semiconductor production. Removing specific impurities and salts helps ensure high quality and purity in production processes.

Dyes and inks: Nanofiltration is used to purify paints and inks, removing unwanted substances such as salts and residues. This provides better control over the quality and consistency of colors and inks.

Wastewater treatment: Nanofiltration is used as part of the wastewater treatment process to remove heavy metals, organicmatter and other impurities. This technique helps create water that can be safely discharged into the environment or even recycled for reuse.

Energy production: In the energy production industry, nanofiltration is used to purify cooling water, process by-products and remove impurities to maintain plant efficiency.

Nanofiltration provides high selectivity in removing substances from water, allowing precise quality control in a variety of industrial settings. This technology contributes to improving production processes, increasing efficiency and ensuring high-quality products.

By integrating ultrafiltration, it offers significant advantages over conventional methods of water filtration:

• Removal of bacteria, viruses and all types of suspended matter
• No addition of chemicals and chemical agents
• The quality of the treated water remains the same regardless of its degree of contamination.
• Simple technology for safe operation and management

Ultrafiltration is characterized as a high-efficiency, financially viable and affordable method of water purification.

The ideal choice for safe operation :

• WATER SUPPLY
• INDUSTRY
• Utility companies
• HOTEL COMPLEXES

The most common applications:

• Purification of surface, groundwater and spring water.
• Final treatment of wastewater
• Pretreatment for marine desalination of waters in combination with reverse osmosis or thermal treatment
• Recirculation of process and technological waters in a closed or semi-closed process

Ultrafilt™ advantages over conventional filtration types:

• High quality of the obtained filtrate
• High level of removal of particles, bacteria and pathogens
• Elimination of dosing of chemicals such as coagulants and flocculants
• Increasing the efficiency of water resource utilization
• Smaller wastewater volume than washing system
• Higher level of automation and ease of management
• Modular system design (possibility of upgrading)
• Small accommodation area – saving space to accommodate equipment

How electrodeionization works:

• The process of electrodeionization involves the use of special membranes and ionized resins that react with ions in water.
• Water is first passed through cationic membranes that attract and remove positively charged ions (cations) such as sodium, calcium, magnesium, etc.
• Then water passes through anionic membranes that attract and remove negatively charged ions (anions) such as chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, etc.
• Within these membranes, an electric field is applied that promotes the migration of ions to the electrode, thus ensuring further removal of ions from the water.

Advantages of electrodeionization:

• No need for chemicals: EDI is usually a chemically passive process, meaning no chemicals are needed to regenerate ionizing resins, which is common in the ionic exchange process.
• Continuous process: Electrodeionization is a continuous process that does not require ionizing resin replacement or regeneration, which helps reduce process interruption and maintain a steady flow of water.
• High level of purification: EDI allows for a high level of water deionization, resulting in the production of high-quality water with low concentrations of ions and impurities.
• Environmentally friendly: Because it does not require chemical regeneration, EDI has less environmental impact compared to traditional deionization processes.

Applications of electrodeionization:

Pharmaceutical industry: Production of pure water for pharmaceutical processes, preparations and injections.

Electronics: Production of ultrapure water for the production of semiconductor chips and electronic components.

Power plant: Water treatment for cooling and steam to prevent the formation of deposits and maintain the efficiency of the system.

Food industry: Purification of water for the preparation of beverages, food and process liquids.

Wastewater treatment: Removal of ions and impurities from wastewater before discharge into the environment.

Electrodeionization provides an economical, environmentally friendly and efficient way to purify water, ensuring high water quality and purity for a variety of industrial needs.

One cubic kilometer of seawater contains about 40 million minerals, total dissolved solids (TDS) – cations: calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium, and anions: carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates and nitrates – increase the electrical conductivity of water and corrosion, and give an unacceptable taste. The process of membrane desalination of water – when separating two fluids of different concentrations (e.g. pure salt-free water and salt solution) through a semi-permeable membrane.

Desalination systems are divided into two groups, depending on the water quality:

1. Brackish water desalinators (from 3,500 – 15,000 ppm NaCl)
2. Seawater desalinators (from 20,000 – 45,000 ppm NaCl)

The process of membrane desalination of water – when separating two fluids of different concentrations (e.g. pure salt-free water and salt solution) through a semi-permeable membrane that leaks the solvent ( water) and does not leak dissolved minerals, then passes through that membrane only pure water into a salt solution.

Desalination of water has numerous advantages and needs, especially in arid regions and areas with limited access to fresh water. Here are additional highlights on the benefits and needs of water desalination:

Advantages of desalination of water:

Provision of drinking water: Desalination allows you to obtain clean and drinking water from sources that would otherwise not be suitable for consumption. This is key to ensuring the basic needs of people in freshwater-deficient regions.

Diversification of water supply: Desalination provides an alternative source of water, reducing dependence on limited natural freshwater sources such as rivers and lakes.

Maintenance of agricultural production: In arid areas, desalination can allow irrigation of agricultural areas, which supports food production and the sustainability of rural communities.

Industrial and commercial sectors: Desalination provides the necessary water for industrial processes, plant cooling, energy production and various commercial purposes.

Adaptation to climate change: Desalination can help mitigate the impacts of climate change, allowing regions to adapt to increased droughts and reducing freshwater availability.

The need for water desalination:

Drought and lack of fresh water: Regions around the world are facing severe droughts that have reduced freshwater availability. Desalination provides a means to solve this problem and secure water supply.

Population growth: Rapid population growth in urban areas increases the demand for drinking water, and desalination can contribute to providing sufficient quantities of water for the needs of the population.

Increased industrial consumption: The industrial sector requires significant amounts of water for various processes. Desalination can provide a stable water source for industrial needs.

Climate change: Changes in the climate lead to changes in precipitation and the availability of fresh water. Desalination provides a sustainable solution to cope with such changes.

Maintaining the environment: In regions where ecosystems and water resources face pressures, desalination can help reduce the burden on natural water sources.

Desalination of water plays a key role in ensuring the supply of drinking water in conditions of drought, population growth and environmental change. A combination of technological innovation and sustainable approaches can help meet water needs in different parts of the world.

Anionic ion exchange:

Anionic ion exchange is aimed at removing negatively charged ions (anions) from water.
The procedure involves the passage of water through anionic ionic resin, which attracts and retains anions present in the water, such as chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, etc.
During the process, the anionic ion on the ionic resin replaces the anions in the water, thereby achieving purification.

Cation ion exchange:

Cationic ion exchange is aimed at removing positively charged ions (cations) from water.
Water passes through cationic ionic resin that attracts and retains cations present in the water, such as sodium, calcium, magnesium, etc.
The cationion ion on ion resin replaces cations in water, thereby achieving purification.

Application of ion exchange:

Purification of drinking water: Ionic exchange is used to remove unwanted ions, salts and metals from drinking water to improve its quality and taste.

Industry: Ion exchange is used in industrial processes, such as food, beverage, electronics, and pharmaceuticals.

Soft water: Cationic ion exchange can be used to soften water in areas where excess calcium and magnesium are present.

Wastewater treatment: Ion exchange is used to remove heavy metals, heavy metal ions and other impurities from wastewater.

Pharmaceutical industry: Ion exchange is used to purify and separate different compounds in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products.

Ion exchange is a useful technology that allows precise water purification and adaptation of water properties according to the needs of various industries and applications.

How the mixed mass works:

The mixed mass consists of a mixture of cationic and anionic ionic resin, usually in the form of small spherical granules, located together in the same container or column.

When water passes through the mixed mass, cationic resin attracts and retains positive cations, while anionic resin attracts and retains negative anions.

This procedure allows you to deeply purify the water, removing almost all present ions, salts and impurities.

Mixed mass is often used after primary ion exchange processes to achieve extremely low ion concentration and a high degree of deionization.

Application of mixed mass:

Laboratory use: Mixed mass is often used in laboratory settings to obtain ultrapure water necessary for analytical and research purposes.

Pharmaceutical industry: Requirements for high-quality and clean water in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products often lead to the use of mixed mass.

Electronics: In the manufacture of semiconductor chips and electronic components, ultrapure water is required, which the mixed mass can provide.

Chemical and biotechnology industry: Processes that require very clean water, such as the production of chemicals or biotechnological products, can use a mixed mass.

Mixed mass is a very effective technology to achieve a high degree of deionization and purification of water. This technique makes it possible to obtain extremely clean water with minimal traces of ions and impurities, which is crucial in a variety of industrial and laboratory applications.

Function of dosing systems:

Dosing systems are designed to add certain chemicals to liquid streams, often water, to achieve the desired results, such as disinfection, pH regulation, coagulation, neutralization and the like.

Precise dosing allows optimal use of chemicals and prevents overdose or lack of chemicals, ensuring cost-effectiveness and process safety.

Components of dosing systems:

Chemical reservoirs: They contain concentrated chemicals that will be dosed into the liquid. They can be made of appropriate materials to prevent the reaction of chemicals with the container.

Dosing pumps: Automatic pumps that control the flow of chemicals from the tank according to the target application. They can be peristaltic, diaphragm or piston pumps, depending on the needs.

Controllers and sensors: Sensors monitor parameters such as pH, ORP (hydrogen potential), conductivity and other values so that the system can automatically adjust the dosage according to the desired settings.

Agitator: In some cases, dosing systems may also include a mixer to ensure uniform mixing of chemicals with liquid.

Control system: This part of the system monitors and manages the dosing of chemicals based on preset parameters and process requirements.

Application of dosing systems:

Water supply systems: In water supply, dosing systems are used to add chemicals such as disinfectants (e.g. chlorine, sodium hypochlorite), coagulants and pH regulators to ensure safe and clean drinking water.

Production of food and beverages: In the food industry, dosing systems add chemicals to regulate pH, preserve, produce beverages and other processes.

Pharmaceutical industry: Dosing systems are used for precise dosing of chemicals in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and pharmaceuticalproducts.

Chemical industry: In chemical processes, dosing systems are used to control the addition of reagents and catalysts.

Wastewater treatment: Dosing systems help treat wastewater by adding chemicals that help remove impurities and treat water before discharge.

Dosing systems play a key role in ensuring precise and controlled dosing of chemicals in various processes.

These systems improve the efficiency, reliability and safety of industrial processes, thereby contributing to a more sustainable and quality production environment.

Cooling water treatment chemicals play a key role in maintaining the efficiency and reliability of cooling systems of industrial plants, air conditioning systems and other applications that require controlled cooling. Chemicals help prevent depositbuild, corrosion and microorganism growth in cooling water, which can damage equipment and reduce cooling efficiency.

Types of chemicals for the treatment of cooling water:

Deposit inhibitors: These chemicals prevent the deposition of mineral deposits, such as scale and corrosion material, on the inner surfaces of pipes and components of the cooling system.

Corrosion inhibitors: These chemicals create a protective layer on metal surfaces to prevent corrosion and damage to cooling pipes and equipment.

Biocides: Biocides are used to suppress the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, algae and fungi, which can accumulate in cooling water and cause pollution and decrease in efficiency.

pH regulating chemicals: Maintaining the optimal pH value of cooling water is essential to prevent corrosion and deposits. These chemicals help maintain a stable pH.

Dispersants: Dispersants help prevent the deposition of particles and impurities in cooling water, thereby maintaining clean and passable circulation.

Functions of refrigerated water treatment chemicals:

Plaque prevention: Cooling water treatment chemicals prevent the formation of scale and deposits that can reduce water flow and cooling efficiency.

Corrosion: Corrosion inhibitors protect the metal components of the cooling system from corrosion and damage caused by reactions with water.

Biocidal action: Biocides prevent the growth of microorganisms that can cause pollution, blockages and reduce water flow.

pH regulation: Maintaining an adequate pH allows corrosion to be prevented and ensures the stability of the system.

Cleaning: Cooling water treatment chemicals help clean and maintain the inner surfaces of the cooling system.

Application of cooling water treatment chemicals:

Industrial plants: Chemicals are used in refrigeration systems in industries, such as energy, petrochemicals, food industry and pharmaceutical industries.

Air conditioning systems: In commercial and residential buildings, chemicals are used to maintain the efficiency of air conditioning systems.

Production: In manufacturing processes where controlled cooling is required, cooling water treatment chemicals are essential to maintain operational efficiency.

Refineries and thermal power plants: In these industrial environments, refrigeration systems play a key role in maintaining operating conditions, and cooling water treatment chemicals play a key role in maintaining these systems.

Neutralization is often carried out by adding appropriate chemical substances that react with acids or bases present in wastewater to achieve the desired pH value. Here are the key aspects of wastewater neutralization:

Functions of wastewater neutralization:

pH regulation: Neutralization aims to establish the pH value of wastewater within acceptable ranges. Too high or too low a pH value can cause various environmental problems, including damage to aquatic organisms and soil.

Corrosion inhibition: Neutralization helps reduce the corrosive effect of acidic or alkaline wastewater on equipment and pipelines of wastewater treatment and transport.

Residues and deposition: Adding appropriate neutralization chemicals can help to deposition and remove particles and impurities present in wastewater.

Application of wastewater neutralization:

Industrial waste: Neutralization is applied in various industries to regulate the pH value of wastewater generated in production processes.

Municipal waste: The neutralization process is used to treat municipal wastewater before discharging them into natural waters.

Metallurgical industry: Wastewater from the metallurgical industry often contains acids or alkalis that need to be neutralized before discharge.

Chemical production: In the production of chemicals, neutralization helps to adjust the pH of wastewater to prevent corrosion and damage.

Wastewater neutralisation is essential for protecting the environment, maintaining healthy aquatic ecosystems and complying with environmental regulations and standards.

Stages of wastewater treatment industry:

Pretreatment: This stage involves the first treatment of wastewater to remove coarse waste and impurities, such as solid residues, oils, greases and floating materials.

Primary treatment: At this stage, physical treatment of wastewater is carried out to reduce the amount of suspended particles and organic substances.

Secondary treatment: Using biological methods, most organic matter and dissolved contaminants from wastewater are removed.

Tertiary treatment: This stage may include more advanced chemical processes, filtration, disinfection and other methods to achieve specific purity and safety standards for wastewater discharge.

Methods of wastewater treatment industry:

Physical methods: They include shredding, filtration, flotation, deposition and filtration to remove solid debris and suspended particles.

Biological methods: They use microorganisms to break down organic matter and pollution, often using activated sludge or anaerobic bacteria.

Chemical methods: Chemicals for coagulation, flocculation and neutralization are used to remove heavy metals, suspended particles and other harmful substances.

Membrane filtration: Including reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and ultrafiltration, these methods use membranes to physically filter particles and substances from wastewater.

Adsorption: It uses adsorbents like activated carbon to remove organic matter, dyes and odors from wastewater.

Application of wastewater treatment industry:

Chemical industry: Chemical production processes often generate wastewater with various chemical substances that require specific treatment methods.

Metallurgical industry: Wastewater treatment from the metallurgical industry is aimed at removing heavy metals and other pollutants.

Food industry: Wastewater from the food industry often contains fat, oils and organic substances that require appropriate treatment.

Paper and pulp production: Wastewater treatment from these industries is aimed at removing paints, chemicals and fibers.

Energy industry: Thermal power plants and nuclear stations generate wastewater that requiretreatment to eliminate radioactive and chemical contaminants.

Industrial wastewater treatment is essential to maintain a clean environment, prevent pollution of water resources and ensure regulatory compliance. This process contributes to the sustainable development of the industry and the protection of natural ecosystems.